Unmanned aerial systems for agriculture and natural resources
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چکیده
remote sensing tool for scientific research in the late 1970s. However, due to a variety of limitations (the weight and limited functionality of available sensors and cameras, the lack of GPS-guided autopilots and so on) these platforms had few practical applications (Przybilla and Wester-Ebbinghaus 1979; WesterEbbinghaus 1980; cited by Colomina and Molina 2014). For years, UAS technology was led by military needs and applications. The relatively few applications in research and agriculture included deployments in Japan for crop dusting and in Australia for meteorological studies (Colomina and Molina 2014). In the past decade, several factors have greatly increased the utility and ease of use of UAS, while prices have fallen. Consumer demand drove the hobby craft industry to make major improvements in UAS vehicles. Integrating improved battery technology, miniature inertia measurement units (IMU, initially developed for smartphones), GPS and customizable apps for smartphones and tablets has delivered improved flight longevity, reliability, ease of use and the ability to better utilize cameras and other sensors needed for applications in agriculture and natural resources (see below, Types of UAS). Innovations in sensor technology now include dozens of models of lightweight visible-spectrum and multispectrum cameras capable of capturing reliable, scientifically valid data from UAS platforms (see UAS sensors) (Whitehead and Hugenholtz 2014). Meanwhile, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has helped facilitate increased UAS use, with rule changes adopted in August 2016 that lowered what have previously been significant regulatory obstacles to the legal use of UAS for research and commercial purposes (see Regulations sidebar). UC faculty throughout California are using UAS in a wide range of agricultural and environmental research projects — from grazed rangelands to field crops and orchards, forests, lakes and even the ice sheets of Greenland Unmanned aerial systems for agriculture and natural resources
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The Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Agriculture
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent technological developments used for precision agriculture. They provide high-resolution images taken from crops and when specific indices are applied, useful outputs for farm management decision-making are produced. The current paper provides a literature review on the use of UAVs in agriculture and specific applications are presented.
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